{"regulations":[{"id":"c1bc95e4-4ac5-4c43-be10-faeb8fe9f2c4","slug":"pennsylvania-pdd-sb1199","kind":"registration","headline":"Pennsylvania SB 1199 — Personal Delivery Devices classified as pedestrians","summary":"Pennsylvania Senate Bill 1199 amended Title 75 of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes to define a Personal Delivery Device (PDD) and classify it as a pedestrian rather than a vehicle. The law permits PDDs in pedestrian areas and on roadway shoulders, caps speed at 12 mph in pedestrian areas and 25 mph on shoulders, limits weight to under 550 pounds without cargo, and establishes a two-phase operation model (an initial 180-day period requiring an operator within line of sight, transitioning to autonomous operation). Operators must obtain a PDD authorization from PennDOT, including an operational plan and proof of liability insurance. The law generally preempts local municipal regulation of PDDs.","locationId":"28da1987-e444-4658-a95b-d59b784aa2d7","effectiveAt":"2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:05.118Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:56.969Z","location":{"id":"28da1987-e444-4658-a95b-d59b784aa2d7","name":"Pennsylvania","slug":"pennsylvania","kind":"state","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["Commonwealth of Pennsylvania","PA"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:00.778Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-26T01:22:31.188Z"}},{"id":"d11083c6-da86-43dd-b1cf-79b6d07f72fe","slug":"kirkland-wa-pdd-moratorium-o4779","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"Kirkland, WA Ordinance O-4779 — emergency moratorium on Personal Delivery Devices","summary":"Kirkland, Washington Ordinance No. O-4779 (2022) established a six-month emergency moratorium on the acceptance of applications for, review of, or issuance of permits related to the use or storage of autonomous personal delivery devices (referred to as APDDs or 'hives'), and set a public-hearing date under applicable Washington state code provisions. It represents a municipal restriction adopted while a local regulatory framework was developed.","locationId":"335beda7-c0c5-4d40-bde4-3879e2ccb7e2","effectiveAt":"2022-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:06.943Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:50.877Z","location":{"id":"335beda7-c0c5-4d40-bde4-3879e2ccb7e2","name":"Kirkland","slug":"kirkland-wa","kind":"city","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["Kirkland, WA"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:01.417Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:16.950Z"}},{"id":"83c04793-859e-4c05-ab58-b927e7edb4a4","slug":"washington-state-pdd-law","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"Washington State Personal Delivery Device regulations","summary":"Washington State permits Personal Delivery Devices to operate in pedestrian areas, treating them with pedestrian right-of-way, subject to operational requirements: a 6 mph speed limit, a required braking system, the ability for a human operator to remotely override and pilot the device, visible lights for evening operation, and a prohibition on carrying hazardous materials. Operators must renew an annual self-certification and license through the Washington Department of Licensing.","locationId":"00027fb5-da62-4112-9f48-bf7637fe0db9","effectiveAt":"2021-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:06.317Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:53.477Z","location":{"id":"00027fb5-da62-4112-9f48-bf7637fe0db9","name":"Washington State","slug":"washington-state","kind":"state","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["State of Washington","WA"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:01.097Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-26T01:22:30.891Z"}},{"id":"ddd166b8-a137-4c43-a9a7-83694e5e7633","slug":"dc-pdd-pilot-law-22-137","kind":"permit","headline":"Washington, D.C. Law 22-137 — Personal Delivery Device pilot program","summary":"District of Columbia Law 22-137 establishes the requirements for a Personal Delivery Device pilot program, including reporting and permitting processes. It is cited as a model framework for required data sharing between PDD operators and local government agencies.","locationId":"5f944510-452b-40b6-9271-d94995276474","effectiveAt":"2019-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:06.633Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:52.184Z","location":{"id":"5f944510-452b-40b6-9271-d94995276474","name":"Washington, D.C.","slug":"washington-dc","kind":"city","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["District of Columbia","D.C."],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:01.258Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:18.145Z"}},{"id":"199e3313-fd6e-4ae5-89d3-88cb5360be08","slug":"san-francisco-pdd-sec-794","kind":"permit","headline":"San Francisco Municipal Code Sec. 794 — delivery robot permit program","summary":"San Francisco established a permit program regulating Personal Delivery Devices on city sidewalks, originating in legislation introduced by Supervisor Norman Yee. In addition to standard permitting and safety requirements, the ordinance requires PDDs to offer data-sharing capabilities and includes a public-hearing process for permit approval. The program limits autonomous robot testing and development to certain parts of the city and requires a human accompaniment able to take control, framed at the time as among the strictest sidewalk-robot regulations in the United States.","locationId":"0d5aa2e8-c47a-41e2-b0b9-ccfbf395e193","effectiveAt":"2019-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:05.841Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:55.397Z","location":{"id":"0d5aa2e8-c47a-41e2-b0b9-ccfbf395e193","name":"San Francisco","slug":"san-francisco","kind":"city","parentLocationId":"fe8ffab9-4da4-4652-b671-c3bfd98cafd2","lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["San Francisco, CA","SF"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:00.936Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-27T14:58:37.618Z"}},{"id":"bcf7e95c-a2e6-4978-a2ec-edbb43a0e728","slug":"ca-ccr-13-228-08","kind":"permit","headline":"13 Cal. Code Regs. § 228.08 — Application for a Permit for Post-Testing Deployment of Autonomous Vehicles on Public Roads","summary":"Application requirements for a Permit for Post-Testing Deployment of autonomous vehicles on public roads — the deployment (final) phase of California's staged permit process. The manufacturer's Safety Case must include evidence demonstrating that operation of the automated driving system does not pose an unreasonable risk of accident, death, or injury. Amended effective April 28, 2026 (OAL File 2025-0415-04); previously numbered § 228.06.","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["13 CCR § 228.08","former 13 CCR § 228.06 (pre-Apr 28, 2026)","13 CCR § 228.06"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T12:25:34.370Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29T12:29:05.806Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-24T05:09:13.649Z"}},{"id":"27dc1851-10bd-48c6-9307-e468eac563ef","slug":"ca-ccr-13-228-02","kind":"other","headline":"13 Cal. Code Regs. § 228.02 — Definitions","summary":"Defines the terms used in Article 3.8 (Deployment of Autonomous Vehicles) of California's autonomous-vehicle regulations. Amended effective April 28, 2026 (OAL File 2025-0415-04).","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["13 CCR § 228.02","Cal. Code Regs. tit. 13, § 228.02"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T12:25:31.982Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29T12:29:07.515Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-24T05:09:13.649Z"}},{"id":"a4d078ed-a9de-40cf-a39d-9648b1d36db1","slug":"ca-ccr-13-227-56","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"13 Cal. Code Regs. § 227.56 — Monthly Disengagement Reporting","summary":"New section in the amended framework (effective April 28, 2026, OAL File 2025-0415-04) establishing monthly disengagement reporting. The disengagement reporting historically referenced as § 227.50 has been restructured into a monthly cadence at § 227.56.","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["13 CCR § 227.56","former 13 CCR § 227.50 (pre-Apr 28, 2026)","13 CCR § 227.50"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T12:25:29.603Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29T12:29:08.805Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-24T05:09:13.649Z"}},{"id":"cd7b2634-f3e7-4877-a9b5-d2970077b341","slug":"ca-ccr-13-227-54","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"13 Cal. Code Regs. § 227.54 — Reporting Collisions","summary":"Requires a manufacturer to report collisions involving a permitted autonomous vehicle. As amended (effective April 28, 2026, OAL File 2025-0415-04), crash reporting aligns with US DOT / NHTSA guidelines. Previously numbered § 227.48.","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["13 CCR § 227.54","former 13 CCR § 227.48 (pre-Apr 28, 2026)","13 CCR § 227.48"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T12:25:26.783Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29T12:29:10.030Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-24T05:09:13.649Z"}},{"id":"5e59fd1f-670f-4884-9af0-6f4225caf5fc","slug":"ca-ccr-13-227-42","kind":"permit","headline":"13 Cal. Code Regs. § 227.42 — Driverless Testing Permit Application Requirements","summary":"Application requirements for a Manufacturer's Permit to Test Autonomous Vehicles That Do Not Require a Driver — the driverless (second) phase of California's staged permit process. Manufacturers must complete minimum-mileage testing under a Drivered Testing Permit and submit a Safety Case before applying. Amended effective April 28, 2026 (OAL File 2025-0415-04); previously numbered § 227.38.","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["13 CCR § 227.42","former 13 CCR § 227.38 (pre-Apr 28, 2026)","13 CCR § 227.38"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T12:25:24.404Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29T12:29:12.472Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-24T05:09:13.649Z"}},{"id":"686e6208-22d3-4f7e-8b81-ed9c97211689","slug":"ca-ccr-13-227-26","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"13 Cal. Code Regs. § 227.26 — Vehicles Excluded from Testing and Deployment","summary":"Governs vehicles excluded from autonomous-vehicle testing and deployment. As amended (effective April 28, 2026, OAL File 2025-0415-04), removes California's prohibition on operating autonomous vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,001 pounds or greater — creating a regulatory path for heavy-duty/commercial AV testing and deployment — while continuing to exclude household movers, transport of passengers, oversize loads, hazardous materials, and bulk liquids requiring a tank endorsement.","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["13 CCR § 227.26","Cal. Code Regs. tit. 13, § 227.26"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T12:25:22.051Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29T12:29:14.579Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-24T05:09:13.649Z"}},{"id":"869af71b-ae77-408c-b260-4db3cb4f7fde","slug":"ca-ccr-13-227-04","kind":"permit","headline":"13 Cal. Code Regs. § 227.04 — Requirements for a Manufacturer's Testing Permit","summary":"Sets the requirements for a Manufacturer's Testing Permit — the first phase of California's staged autonomous-vehicle permit process (testing with a safety driver in the vehicle). Amended effective April 28, 2026 (OAL File 2025-0415-04).","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["13 CCR § 227.04","Cal. Code Regs. tit. 13, § 227.04"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T12:25:19.699Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29T12:29:15.835Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-24T05:09:13.649Z"}},{"id":"159a17f2-694c-458a-8cac-67ccd3bf3279","slug":"ca-ccr-13-227-02","kind":"other","headline":"13 Cal. Code Regs. § 227.02 — Definitions","summary":"Defines the terms used in Article 3.7 (Testing of Autonomous Vehicles) of California's autonomous-vehicle regulations. Amended effective April 28, 2026 (OAL File 2025-0415-04).","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["13 CCR § 227.02","Cal. Code Regs. tit. 13, § 227.02"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T12:25:17.319Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29T12:29:17.098Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-24T05:09:13.649Z"}},{"id":"af7ede0f-866c-4f44-81ec-58c256ad08d1","slug":"ca-veh-code-38750","kind":"safety_standard","headline":"Cal. Veh. Code § 38750 — Autonomous Vehicles","summary":"California's foundational autonomous-vehicle statute. Defines 'autonomous technology' and 'autonomous vehicle' (SAE Level 3-5) and requires a manufacturer to obtain DMV approval and meet safety-certification and $5 million insurance requirements before operating on public roads beyond testing. Current text amended by SB 480 (Stats. 2025, ch. 415), effective Jan 1, 2026.","locationId":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["Cal. Veh. Code § 38750","CVC 38750","Vehicle Code 38750"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-29T11:46:04.642Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29T12:29:19.050Z","location":{"id":"fdf937a9-5eeb-4e8d-a514-ef860b351b30","name":"California","slug":"california","kind":"state","parentLocationId":null,"lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":[],"collisionRisk":"high","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-23T22:08:25.511Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-24T05:09:13.649Z"}},{"id":"0bada398-31f9-4800-824a-02c258fb8e32","slug":"ca-cruise-driverless-permit-suspension-2023","kind":"operational_restriction","headline":"California suspends Cruise's driverless robotaxi permits after pedestrian-dragging incident","summary":"Following the Oct 2, 2023 pedestrian-dragging incident, the California DMV suspended Cruise's permits to operate driverless vehicles, citing the company's failure to share footage of the dragging and determining the vehicles were not safe for public operation. The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) separately suspended Cruise's driverless testing permit roughly three weeks after the incident. Cruise pulled all driverless vehicles off public roads nationwide in response. The suspensions effectively ended Cruise's driverless commercial robotaxi operations in California.","locationId":"0d5aa2e8-c47a-41e2-b0b9-ccfbf395e193","effectiveAt":null,"expiresAt":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["13 CCR § 227.42","former 13 CCR § 227.38 (pre-Apr 28, 2026)","13 CCR § 227.38","13 CCR § 228.08","former 13 CCR § 228.06 (pre-Apr 28, 2026)","13 CCR § 228.06"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-26T12:53:12.350Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-29T15:54:33.763Z","location":{"id":"0d5aa2e8-c47a-41e2-b0b9-ccfbf395e193","name":"San Francisco","slug":"san-francisco","kind":"city","parentLocationId":"fe8ffab9-4da4-4652-b671-c3bfd98cafd2","lat":null,"lng":null,"reviewStatus":"reviewed","aliases":["San Francisco, CA","SF"],"collisionRisk":"none","reviewNote":null,"createdAt":"2026-05-25T22:46:00.936Z","updatedAt":"2026-05-27T14:58:37.618Z"}}]}